Yes, you can specify multiple schedules to run an instance of the same data flow, at the same time.
Each scheduled run retains it's own state information and will be listed in the 'Runs' page.
You should ensure your data flow does not create files with a static filename else the different runs could overwrite data or fail to obtain a write lock on the file.
You should consider the overall impact on system resources of running multiple data flows simultaneously, especially if multiple nodes are running in parallel within each data flow (this is a general issue and also applies to running different data flows at the same time).
When accessing external systems, you should consider whether the systems permit concurrent accesses by the same user profile.